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Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Jan 2007Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumour of the skeleton characterised by the direct formation of immature bone or osteoid tissue by the tumour cells. The classic... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumour of the skeleton characterised by the direct formation of immature bone or osteoid tissue by the tumour cells. The classic osteosarcoma is a rare (0.2% of all malignant tumours) highly malignant tumour, with an estimated incidence of 3 cases/million population/year. Osteosarcoma arises predominantly in the long bones and rarely in the soft tissues. The age at presentation ranges from 10 to 25 years of age. Plain radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, angiography and dynamic bone scintigraphy are used for diagnosis, evaluation the extent of tumour involvement and decision of the type of operation and, if necessary, the type of reconstruction. Years ago, all patients with osteosarcoma were treated by amputation but the cure rate was under 10% and almost all patients died within a year from diagnosis. Today, for localised osteosarcoma at onset (80% of cases) treated in specialized bone tumour centres with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy associated with surgery, the percentage of patients cured varies between 60% and 70%. Surgery is conservative (limb salvage) in more than 90% of patients. Prognosis is more severe (cure rate about 30%) for tumours located in the axial skeleton and in patients with metastasis at onset.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Incidence; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms, Bone Tissue; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; Sex Distribution
PubMed: 17244349
DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-6 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology May 2023Metastatic disease is a main cause of mortality in prostate cancer and remains to be incurable despite emerging new treatment agents. Development of novel treatment... (Review)
Review
Metastatic disease is a main cause of mortality in prostate cancer and remains to be incurable despite emerging new treatment agents. Development of novel treatment agents are confined within the boundaries of our knowledge of bone metastatic prostate cancer. Exploration into the underlying mechanism of metastatic tumorigenesis and treatment resistance will further expose novel targets for novel treatment agents. Up to date, many of these researches have been conducted with animal models which have served as classical tools that play a pivotal role in understanding the fundamental nature of cancer. The ability to reproduce the natural course of prostate cancer would be of profound value. However, currently available models do not reproduce the entire process of tumorigenesis to bone metastasis and are limited to reproducing small portions of the entire process. Therefore, knowledge of available models and understanding the strengths and weaknesses for each model is key to achieve research objectives. In this article, we take an overview of cell line injection animal models and patient derived xenograft models that have been applied to the research of human prostate cancer bone metastasis.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostate; Bone Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Carcinogenesis; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 37341002
DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230026 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Aug 2017
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Palliative Care; Periodicals as Topic
PubMed: 28866907
DOI: 10.21037/apm.2017.08.14 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Mar 2010The clinical presentation of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas is varied. Constitutional symptoms are rare, and although bone sarcomas tend to be painful while soft-tissue... (Review)
Review
The clinical presentation of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas is varied. Constitutional symptoms are rare, and although bone sarcomas tend to be painful while soft-tissue sarcomas usually are not, there are exceptions to this general rule. A high index of suspicion is required for any unexplained mass with indeterminate imaging findings. Choosing the right imaging modality is critical to the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected sarcoma, and referring clinicians have a multitude of imaging options. After discovery of a malignant-appearing bone lesion by radiography, further imaging is obtained for better characterization of the lesion (typically with magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and for staging (typically with computed tomography of the chest). In contrast, radiographs are rarely helpful for evaluation of soft-tissue lesions, which almost always require MRI assessment.
Topics: Biopsy; Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Osteosarcoma; Positron-Emission Tomography; Sarcoma; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 20179183
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.77.s1.01 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Aug 2017Elucidation of mechanisms regulating bone metastasis has progressed significantly in recent years and this has translated to many new therapeutic options for patients... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Elucidation of mechanisms regulating bone metastasis has progressed significantly in recent years and this has translated to many new therapeutic options for patients with bone metastatic cancers. However, the rapid rate of progress in both the basic science literature and therapies undergoing clinical trials makes staying abreast with current developments challenging. This review seeks to provide an update on the current state of the science in bone metastasis research and give a snap shot of therapies in clinical trials for bone metastatic cancer.
MAIN BODY
Bone metastasis represents a difficult to treat clinical scenario due to pain, increased fracture risk, decreased quality of life and diminished overall survival outcomes. Multiple types of cancer have the specific ability to home to the bone microenvironment and cause metastatic lesions. This osteotropism was first described by Stephen Paget nearly 100 years ago as the 'seed and soil' hypothesis. Once cancer cells arrive at the bone they encounter a variety of cells native to the bone microenvironment which contribute to the establishment of bone metastatic lesions. In the first part of this review, the 'seed and soil' hypothesis is revisited while emphasizing recent developments in understanding the impact of native bone microenvironment cells on the metastatic process. Next, approved therapies for treating bone metastasis at the systemic level as well as those that target the bone microenvironment are discussed and current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines relating to treatment of bone metastases are summarized. Finally, all open interventional clinical trials for therapies relating to treatment of bone metastasis have been complied and categorized.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the recent advancements in bone metastasis research is important for continued development of novel bone targeted therapies. The plethora of ongoing clinical trials will hopefully translate into improved treatments options for patients suffering from bone metastatic cancers.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Neoplasm Metastasis; Quality of Life
PubMed: 28800754
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0578-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2018Bone is one of the most preferential target site for cancer metastases, particularly for prostate, breast, kidney, lung and thyroid primary tumours. Indeed, numerous... (Review)
Review
Bone is one of the most preferential target site for cancer metastases, particularly for prostate, breast, kidney, lung and thyroid primary tumours. Indeed, numerous chemical signals and growth factors produced by the bone microenvironment constitute factors promoting cancer cell invasion and aggression. After reviewing the different theories proposed to provide mechanism for metastatic progression, we report on the gene expression profile of bone-seeking cancer cells. We also discuss the cross-talk between the bone microenvironment and invading cells, which impacts on the tumour actions on surrounding bone tissue. Lastly, we detail therapies for bone metastases. Due to poor prognosis for patients, the strategies mainly aim at reducing the impact of skeletal-related events on patients' quality of life. However, recent advances have led to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying bone metastases progression, and therefore of novel therapeutic targets.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Disease Progression; Humans; Models, Biological; Neoplasm Metastasis; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 29300334
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010148 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of endometrial cancer (EC) patients with bone metastases treated with surgery and to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of endometrial cancer (EC) patients with bone metastases treated with surgery and to systematically review the literature.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective study to include patients with bone metastases of EC at Peking University People's Hospital from 2000 to 2019. Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were collected.
RESULTS
Among the 1662 patients with EC, 14 (0.84%) were identified with bone metastases, and all were treated surgically. Thirteen cases were analyzed. Four had bone metastases when diagnosed, and the remaining nine cases had bone metastases when first relapsed, with a median time to recurrence of 13 months (range, 5-144). The median age of the 13 patients was 58 years old (range, 45-76). Twelve were endometrioid carcinoma. The majority of sites of bone metastases were the pelvis, followed by the spine. The median overall survival (OS) was 57 months. We further combined the 13 patients with another 24 cases identified from literature research. There was no significant difference in clinicopathological characteristics between the patients with bone metastases when diagnosed and when they first relapsed. The median OS was numerically longer for patients with bone metastases when diagnosed than when they first relapsed (57 vs. 36 months, = 0.084).
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with bone metastases of EC might benefit from comprehensive treatment based on surgery, as symptoms can be palliated and survival can probably be extended.
Topics: Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Endometrioid; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Pelvis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35682407
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116823 -
Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2020Bone is a critically important part of the skeletal system that is essential for body support and locomotion. The immune system protects against pathogens and is active... (Review)
Review
Bone is a critically important part of the skeletal system that is essential for body support and locomotion. The immune system protects against pathogens and is active in host defense. These two seemingly distinct systems in fact interact with each other, share molecules and create a collaborative regulatory system called the "osteoimmune system". The most representative osteoimmune molecule is receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which plays multiple roles in the osteoimmune system under both physiological and pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer metastasis to bone. Based on accumulating evidence for such mutual dependence, it is concluded that the relationship between bone and the immune system did not develop by accident but as a necessary consequence of evolution. Here I describe the history of and recent advances in osteoimmunology, providing a perspective in the contexts of both science and medicine.
Topics: Allergy and Immunology; Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; RANK Ligand
PubMed: 32281551
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.013 -
European Journal of Cancer (Oxford,... May 2010The bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent sites of cancer metastasis. It is estimated that 350,000 patients die with bone metastases annually in the United... (Review)
Review
The bone and bone marrow are among the most frequent sites of cancer metastasis. It is estimated that 350,000 patients die with bone metastases annually in the United States. The ability of tumor cells to colonize the bone marrow and invade the bone is the result of close interactions between tumor cells and the bone marrow microenvironment. In this article, we review the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced in the bone marrow microenvironment to bone metastasis. This cytokine has a strong pro-tumorigenic activity due to its multiple effects on bone metabolism, tumor cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and inflammation. These effects are mediated by several signaling pathways, in particular the Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator (JAK/STAT-3), Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B/Akt (PkB/Akt), which are activated by IL-6 and amplified in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Supporting the role of IL-6 in human cancer is the observation of elevated serum levels of IL-6 and sIL-6R in patients with bone metastasis and their association with a poor clinical outcome. Over the last decade several large (monoclonal antibodies) and small (inhibitors of IL-6 mediated signaling) molecules that inhibit IL-6 activity in preclinical models have been developed. Several of these inhibitors are now undergoing phases I and II clinical trials, which will determine their inclusion in the list of effective targeted agents in the fight against cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Disease Progression; Humans; Interleukin-6; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteolysis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 20335016
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.026 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone cancer that is highly prevalent among adolescents and adults below the age of 20 years. The prognostic outcome of metastatic OS or... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone cancer that is highly prevalent among adolescents and adults below the age of 20 years. The prognostic outcome of metastatic OS or relapse is extremely poor; thus, developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for treating OS is necessary. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging from 30-150 nm in diameter are commonly produced in different cells and are found in various types of body fluids. EVs are rich in biologically active components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They also strongly affect pathophysiological processes by modulating the intercellular signaling pathways and the exchange of biomolecules. Many studies have found that EVs influence the occurrence, development, and metastasis of osteosarcoma. The regulation of inflammatory communication pathways by EVs affects OS and other bone-related pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we reviewed the latest findings related to diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and the development of treatment strategies for OS from the perspective of EVs.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Bone Neoplasms; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Lipids; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Nucleic Acids; Osteosarcoma; Young Adult
PubMed: 36211364
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002742